Frontal Lobe
Frontal lobe is located in the anterior cortex. It is separated from the parietal lobe with the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe with the lateral sulcus. The four frontal lobe gyrus are vertical precentral, and horizontal upper, middle and inferior frontal gyrus. Brains are separated by grooves. Direct and orbital gyrus is located on the bottom surface of the frontal lobes. Direct gyrus lies between the inner edge of the hemisphere, the olfactory groove and the outer edge of the hemisphere. In the olfactory sulcus are located olfactory bulb and olfactory tract (Nauta, 2013).
The function of the frontal lobes is associated with the organization of voluntary movement, the motor speech mechanisms, regulation of complex behaviors, and thinking processes. In the convolutions of the frontal lobe are concentrated several functionally important centers. The frontal central gyrus is responsible for the primary motor activity with well-defined projection areas of the body. The face is "located" in the lower third, the hand is in the middle third, the leg is in the upper third of the gyrus. Thus, a person is projected in the front central gyrus upside down.
The frontal central gyrus together with the adjacent rear and frontal gyri departments has a very important functional role. It is the center of voluntary movements. In the cortex of the central convolutions from the pyramidal cells of the central motor neuron starts the pyramidal, corticospinal path. Being phylogenetically older, extrapyramidal system in humans provides automatic regulation of "memorized" motor acts, the total maintaining of muscle tone, the ability of the peripheral motor system to commit movements, and redistribution of muscle tone during movement. In addition, it is involved in maintaining of normal posture. The frontal lobe also takes an active part in shaping the thinking, organization of the purposeful activity, and forward planning.
The patients with damaged frontal lobe are still able to perform specific mental operations. The storage and use of the stock of knowledge remain intact; however, it becomes impossible for them to use appropriate methods in accordance with the intended purpose consciously. Most impressively these symptoms appear in the case of a massive (bilateral) lesion of the frontal lobe. With the damaged frontal lobe the patient is not able to independently perform any program of action, as well as fail to act in accordance with the already developed program, given to them in the instructions. The regulating function of speech is violated as well (Pribram & Luria, 2013).
The above-described violations occur on the background of personal change. A patient with a lesion of the frontal lobes of the brain lacks education motifs mediated by voice system and intentions to carry out certain forms of conscious activity, which spreads and affects the whole behavior of the patient. The conscious, purposeful behavior of patients with lesions of the frontal lobes disintegrates and is replaced by less complex forms of behavior or inert stereotypes. Conditions conducive to the loss of the programs of behavior are strong external stimuli. Volitional behavior …
